Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Dysarthria - Speech Disorder - 1321 Words

For as long as time can be accounted for, people, as well as animals have been known to interact with each other through various methods of communication. Communication is simply the exchange of receiving and sending information from one subject to another. The word information though covers so much. People are able to display ideas, feelings, needs and desires through communication as information to another subject. For human beings the most common method of communication is by speaking to one another. We speak using our voices and interacting with other people, who for the most part, speak the same language. When two different languages are put into one conversation it may make communicating difficult but not impossible. There†¦show more content†¦There are absolutely no drug treatments for dysarthria but intense levels of speech therapy can be given which usually can be of great benefit. Treatment depends on the cause, type, and severity of the symptoms. It is best if a speech-language pathologist works with the person to improve their communication capacities. The speech-language pathologist (SLP) may also work with the patients caregivers in order for them to better understand the person struggling with dysarthria. A person with dysarthria who decides to receive speech therapy would experience several different methods of therapy. Depending on the severity of the disorder there may be a focus on the oral-motor skill development. This would include muscle strengthening exercises as well as practicing to increase mouth, tongue and lip movement. These exercises are also known as oro-facial exercises. If these areas of weaknesses are improved, speech becomes more clear and understandable. Another way to improve speech would be to practice slowing down the rate of speech as well as improving breathing while speaking. The therapist may continuously ask the patient to pause for breath, to over-articulate, or to pause before important words to make them stand out. For some people the level of dysarthria is so high that understandable speech may not be an option. In this case, they learn other methods of communicating. Some people may use alphabetShow MoreRelatedSpeech : A Speech Disorder Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesworld, speech impediments affect many different people. Most of the time, individuals do not even realize the person they are speaking with has a speech disorder. This disorder even impacts icons including Greek philosopher Aristotle, physicist Isaac Newton, singer Elvis Presley, golfer Tiger Woods and actor Bruce Willis. However, one story that stands out involves Kind George VI of England. In his early childhood the prince acquired a stammer; now known mostly as a stutter. He went to a speech therapistRead MoreSpeech Disorders : Speech And Language Disorders1760 Words   |  8 PagesSpeech Disorders A speech disorder occurs when a person has problems with his or her voice or is unable to produce speech sounds correctly. Difficulties pronouncing sounds, articulation disorders, and stuttering are examples of speech disorders (â€Å"Speech and Language Disorders and Diseases†, 2016). Some of the common speech and voice disorders in adulthood include Dysarthria, Apraxia, and voice disturbances. Dysarthria is when a person has an ongoing difficulty expressing certain sounds or wordsRead MoreSpeech Disorders Research Paper1970 Words   |  8 Pagesspeech disorders Communication Research Paper There are many times in everyday life that there is miscommunication in delivering a message to others; at one point or another, miscommunication will happen to everyone. Often the miscommunication is out of one’s control there is simply a misunderstanding of the intended message. Speech disorders are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. A problem within society is the belief that speech disorders have a simple explanationRead MoreThe Principles And Practices Of Differential Diagnosis Of Speech Sound Disorders And The Possible Models Used1421 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A disorder in bilinguals is not caused by bilingualism or cured by monolingualism† (Kohnert, 2013). A common misconception about bilingual children is that the acquisition of subsequent languages causes or exacerbates a speech sound disorder. I intended to prove that this is not the case. In order to do this I will firstly clarify the principles and practices of differentia l diagnosis of Speech Sound Disorders and the possible models used. I then intend to compare and contrast monolingualism andRead MoreThe Ethical and Clinical Responsibilities of Speech-Language Pathologists1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe scope of practice of speech-language pathology describes the ethical and clinical responsibility of clinicians to implement therapy techniques, which contains efficacy that is supported by evidence. Non-speech oral-motor exercises (NSOMEs), in particular have raised controversy among speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and researchers when treating children with articulation and phonological disorders. The use of NSOMEs is a debated issue in the profession due to the lack of evidence based practiceRead MoreEssay on Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic Dysarthria1114 Words   |  5 PagesHyperkinetic Dysarthria Hypokinetic Dysarthria and Hyperkinetic dysarthria are both neuromotor speech disorders. They are both associated with damage to the Basal Ganglia. In defining the word Hypokinetic, Hypo means â€Å"lack of† and kinetic means â€Å"movement†, forming the definition of a lack of movement. A person with Hypokinetic Dysarthria will show less movement, as seen throughout the speech musculature. In contrast Hyperkinetic Dysarthria means excessive movements of the speech mechanism. Read MoreEssay on Dysarthria and Aphasia1345 Words   |  6 PagesDysarthria and Aphasia Definition Dysarthrias or commonly known as Dysarthria, refers to a group of speech problems where sounds may be slurred, and speech may be slow or effortful. Noticeable changes in pitch, volume, and tempo of speech occur. Speech can become nasal, and the voice can sound either breathy or harsh. Dysarthria occurs in both children and adults. Yorkston, Strand, Miller, Hillel, and Smith (1993) found reduction in speaking rate to be theRead MoreMyasthenia Gravis : An Autoimmune Neuromuscular Disorder1012 Words   |  5 Pagesis an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder meaning grave muscular weakness. Symptoms associated with myasthenia gravis include painless, fluctuating, and fatigable weakness involving specific muscle groups. Weakness is usually least in the morning and progresses as the day continues especially with prolonged muscle use. Double vision and drooping eyelids is usually the first symptom complaint from patients with MG. The patient may complain of difficulty with speech, chewing, swallowing, or breathingRead MoreEssay about What Is Flaccid Dysarthria?1761 Words   |  8 PagesFlaccid dysarthria results from damage to the lower motor neurons (LMN) or the peripheral nervous system (Hageman, 1997). The characteristics of flaccid dysarthria generally reflect damage to cranial nerves with motor speech functions (e.g., cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII) (Seikel, King Drumright, 2010). Lower moto r neurons connect the central nervous system to the muscle fibers; from the brainstem to the cranial nerves with motor function, or from the anterior horns of grey matter to the spinalRead MoreSpeech And Language Treatment At The Florida Atlantic University Communication Disorders Clinic ( Fau Cdc )1114 Words   |  5 PagesFlorida Atlantic University-Communication Disorders Clinic (FAU-CDC) by her boyfriend for a Speech-Language Evaluation. She was referred to the FAU-CDC by her neurologist for word finding difficulties and a possible articulation disorder after a left hemisphere hemorrhagic stroke one month ago. According to her boyfriend, W.C.’s symptoms began immediately following her stroke and are characterized by word finding difficulties, slowed and choppy speech, and mispronunciation of certain consonants

Monday, December 16, 2019

Points of Machiavelli in “The Prince” Free Essays

Part 15 of Machiavelli’s The Prince, entitled Of the Things for WhichMen, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed, states that, in order for aman to maintain control of a government and better that territory, he mustengage in certain actions that may be deemed immoral by the public he serves. Machiavelli argues a valid point, that the nature of man is twofold,encompassing good and evil, right and wrong. The effectiveness of his argument,however, relies on the fact that the person reading his essay is an objectiveobserver of human nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Points of Machiavelli in â€Å"The Prince† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not leaving this to chance, Machiavelli plays apsychological game with the reader in order to convince them of his argument. Machiavelli prefaces his thesis with commentary that attempts to placethe reader in a subordinate state-of-mind. He confesses to the reader that hefears sounding presumptuous for writing about a subject covered many timesbefore by others and differing from their opinion in the matter. This statementplaces the author at the mercy of the reader and prepares them to hear an ideathat may not be popular. Having been asked forgiveness for the pride of theauthor, the reader drops barriers that he may have against arguments driven byego and opens his mind to Machiavelli on a personal, sincere level. By placinghimself at the feet of the reader, Machiavelli puts himself and his argument ina position of power. He wastes no time in using this power to gain more controlover the reader. In the next sentence he states that his intention is to createan outline for behavior in public office † of use to those who understand†. Thisstatement compels the reader to agree with the points that the trustworthy,forthright Machiavelli argues, or be relegated the ranks of those ignorantdullards that do not understand. Machiavelli then presents his thesis, that aruler must use both good and evil in order to maintain his power over the state. The reader has almost no choice but to accept this idea before any proof hasbeen given. With the reader in the palm of his hand, Machiavelli needs only tomake a very general argument of his point to convince the reader of its validity. The author states that there are actions for which a prince is eitherpraised or blamed. He lists many examples of good qualities and their opposingattitudes. Instead of labeling them good and evil, however, Machiavelli titlesthem imaginary and real. By calling the good traits and the leader who possessesthem imaginary, he removes the bite that the mention of evil doing may have onthe reader. Removing this emotional punch makes his thesis, that evil behavioris necessary to properly rule, obvious. Machiavelli applies the rules he sets out for successful management of anation to his own writing. He is cautious not to offend the reader with a statement that is too specific. He manipulates the mind of the reader in orderto quell his emotions and make him more accepting of his opinion. He seems weakwhen he is most powerful and seems powerful when he has no legs to stand on. Heis cautious and polite when his foe’s defenses are up and attacks with all ofhis resources at his foe’s weaknesses. Machiavelli writes a strongly convincing essay. The proof for his opinion lies not only in the words he speaks but in the flow and believability of the work itself through the utilization of the very techniques he exhorts. How to cite Points of Machiavelli in â€Å"The Prince†, Essay examples

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Commercial And Corporation Law Of Company †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How The Liabilities Of The Breach By The Directors May Give Remedies For The Company? Answer: Introducation As per the case study, it is the case of breach of duty of the director. As per the Corporation Act 2001, the directors of the company breach the sec- 180(1) of duties of care and diligence towards the company. As per the sec-180 of The Corporation Act 2001 in Australia, define the duties of loyalty and duty of care to the company, other directors or officers and the employees. The sec 198A defines the powers of directors in the company (Hanrahan Bednall 2015). As per the case study, the directors of Storm Financial, Emmanuel and Julie Cassimatis have breached their duties as directors. The court found that Storm Financial provided inappropriate advice to some investors of the company. Application As per the Corporation Act 2001, sec-180 defines the duties of loyalty and duty of care to the company, other directors or officers and the employees. They have duties to trust toward other directors and employees. They will do their duty with loyalty and never deliver any false conducts to the employees and the other directors. Sec- 198A defines the powers of the directors, which they will never misuse for their own benefits (Hedges et al. 2017). As per the case study, it is duty of the Cassimatises to look after their investors because they are the important part of the company. When Cassimatises advises the investors of Strom, they have failed to do all things necessary to ensure that the financial sesrvices covered by its license was provided efficiently, honestly and fairly. The ASIC make allegation against the Cassimatises because they were responsible for the unusual decisions in relation with the provision of financial services to Storm's clients, which have control over its systems and processes. Therefore, they had caused Storm to negligent its obligations under the Corporations Act and did not found their powers as directors of Storm with the degree of care and diligence, which would have exercised in that situation. As the director of the company they have breach the duties toward their clients (Hedges et al. 2017). The investors are falsely represented their facts. Now, the Federal Court has also found that Storm Financial, Emmanuel and Julie Cassimatis not only breach their duties but also give in proper information to the investors. Now, the investor can claim their damages from the directors of the company. As the directors, they are failed to work as per their duty of care towards the employee and the investors also (Smith 2015). As per the case study, the company directors can defense himself if they have proved that they provide true statements to the investors and did not breach their duty as directors of the company. As per the case study the directors have failed to do perform as per their rights as a directors and breach their duties towards the investors. As per the case study, the issue is whether the gold mining public company will get their license for their company under the Queensland Environmental Protection legislation. As per the case study, the gold mining public company has three directors who are very determined to make a start with exploration activities. The gold mining company can apply for a license under the Environmental Protection Act 1994 (EP Act) through the environmental authority (Glasson, Therivel Chadwick 2013). The act protected the Queenslands environment at the time of developing the balance and quality of life of people and maintains the balance the ecological process. Under the New EA, applications the mining company can register for the license through the Department of Natural Resources and Miness MyMinesOnline service ("Environmental legislation (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection)", 2017). As per the Queensland Environmental Protection legislation, the new gold mining company can obtain their license for opening the business. The directors of the company are very determined in their duties toward the company. However without obtain the license the mine project can be affected. As per the new EA, applications the mining company can register for the license through the Department of Natural Resources and Miness MyMinesOnline service ("Environmental legislation (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection)", 2017). The company must lease the mining projects. First, they need the approval under the Environmental Protection Act 1994 for a watercourse diversion, which is the important part before applied the EA application. For the public notification of the proposal application which must registered by a Professional Engineer of Queensland (Glasson, Therivel Chadwick 2013). The administrative authority will approve the eligibility criteria and standard conditions for an environmentally relevant activity (ERA) under the Environmental Protection Act 1994. However, after 31 March 2013 the Environmental Protection Act 1994 have issued new application for the mining projects (Richert, Rogers Burton 2015). Before applying for the registration under Environmental Protection Act 1994, the company must follow some instructions. They must have a risk assessment before started the company. It is the duty of the company that they will provide proper information about the uses of the chemicals of hydraulic to the Department of Natural Resources. At the time of process the uses of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene) in stimulation fluids (also hydraulic fraccing fluids) must use as per the proportioned quantity. The environment authority must look after the land, which will restore the land after the completing of a life of a petroleum project. The mining company will never liable for any environmental authority if the Queensland government failed to satisfy all the requirements (Richert, Rogers Burton 2015). The duty of the secretary is to look after all the requirement which the mining company will follow before apply for the license under the Environmental Protection Act 1994. Conclusion In the above assignment, it is briefly described how a mining company can obtain a license under the Environmental Protection Act 1994 through the Department of Natural Resources of the Queensland government. They must follow the above-mentioned instruction before applying for the license. It is the duty of directors that they will follow the rules abd regulation before running the mining company. Reference Environmental legislation (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection). (2017). Ehp.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/management/non-mining/environmental-legislation.html Glasson, J., Therivel, R., Chadwick, A. (2013). Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Hanrahan, P., Bednall, T. (2015). Independence of directors affiliated with substantial shareholders: issues of law and corporate governance. COMPANY SEC. LJ, 33, 239. Hedges, J., Bird, H. L., Gilligan, G., Godwin, A., Ramsay, I. (2017). The Policy and Practice of Enforcement of Directors' Duties by Statutory Agencies in Australia: An Empirical Analysis. Langford, R. T. (2015). Directors' Duties: Conflicts, Proactive Disclosure and S 181 of the Corporations Act. Pettersson, M., Oksanen, A., Mingaleva, T., Petrov, V., Masloboev, V. (2015). License to mine: A comparison of the scope of the environmental assessment in Sweden, Finland and Russia. Natural Resources, 6(4), 237. Portney, P. R. (Ed.). (2016). Public policies for environmental protection. Routledge. Richert, C., Rogers, A., Burton, M. (2015). Measuring the extent of a Social License to Operate: The influence of marine biodiversity offsets in the oil and gas sector in Western Australia. Resources Policy, 43, 121-129. Smith, H. (2015). Australia's Company Law Watchdog: ASIC and Corporate Regulation.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Persuasive Speech Essay Example

Persuasive Speech Paper Importance of Internships in College How many of you are familiar with the concept of internships? For those of you who are not, an internship is a period of time where a student acquires experience in their anticipated profession. Many universities are beginning to require students to complete an internship prior to graduation, however some do not. I believe that all majors and universities should require some form of an internship before students are allowed to graduate and transition into the working world. At K-State, there are only a few majors that require the completion of internships. Luckily, my major, apparel marketing, is one of them and I had the opportunity to complete 2 internships in my field of study. Internships are important for many reasons; they help you determine what career you would like to pursue, they increase your odds of finding a job after graduation and you are able to gain useful work experience outside the classroom. It is easier to determine what career path is best for you through the completion of an internship. An internship gives you the opportunity to identify your personal talents in the field and better understand your industry as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By working in a professional setting, it is easy to figure out what you are good at and enjoy about the job. Gaining a greater understanding of the workplace will help you more easily determine which aspect of the industry you could see yourself in. Even if it is not the job you were given, at least you know what position you do not see yourself working in the future. Another reason internships should be required of all college students is because it increases your odds of finding a job after graduation. This is due in large part to the social networking and competitive edge an internship offers. Communicating with co-workers, managers, outside contacts and other interns on a daily basis is a great way to demonstrate your work ethic for possible job recommendations in the future. Keeping communication open with these associates gives you a place to start your job search after graduation or later on in your career and gives you a competitive edge. By having multiple contacts and an internship on your resume, companies are more likely to hire you. Internships are a great resume builder and help separate you from your competition because employers see you have first-hand experience in the field. Finally, gaining experience outside the classroom is crucial to students’ success. Being able to develop and experience typical industry practices and apply your knowledge makes the transition from college to career easier. Throughout the course of an internship, you are exposed to the everyday business practices of a company in your field. Experiencing a typical workday, week, and month in a company gives students an understanding of what to expect in the future. Also, having the opportunity to apply the theories and techniques learned in classes and understanding new ideas will make you better equip to handle challenges once you are working in the industry. As you can see, internships are extremely useful to students overall success both during and after graduation. They help you determine what career you would like to pursue, increase your odds of finding a job after graduation and allow you to gain useful work experience outside the classroom. To best be prepared for a career after college, it is important that all students experience the benefits of an internship.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Free Essays on Total Quality Management

What is Total Quality Management? Quality is not determined or defined by the producing company. Quality is determined by the customer. Thus quality of a product or a service is the customer’s perception of the degree to which the product or service meets his or her expectations. Total Quality Management (TQM) is an approach to improving competitiveness, effectiveness, efficiency and flexibility of the organization in satisfying the customer demands. It is a process that recognizes the need to determine the customers' requirements and uses that knowledge to drive the entire organization to ensure those needs are fully met. It is essentially a way of planning, organizing and understanding each and every activity that takes place in the organization, and depends on every individual at his or her own level in the organization. Thus from Senior Executives to the person just cleaning the premises has to be involved in the quest for continual improvement towards the same goals, recognizing that each person and each activity interacts and has an effect on others. Why TQM? Companies strive for Total Quality Management in an effort to:  · Increase customer satisfaction  · Increase customer retention? TQM not only focuses on gaining a new customer but maintaining the current customers.  · Reduce customer complaints  · Attract new customers  · Increase organizational effectiveness  · Reduce costs due to less waste and rework? Quality costs and every time something is done incorrectly, money is lost.  · Increase profitability  · Achieve a greater market share  · Maintain a competitive advantage Dr. W. Edwards Deming’s Quality Chain Reaction in figure 1 provides a logical rationale for implementing a quality improvement effort. It says that if an organization improves quality, costs will decrease due to fewer errors and more efficient use of materials and time. This causes an improvement in productivity and le... Free Essays on Total Quality Management Free Essays on Total Quality Management What is Total Quality Management? Quality is not determined or defined by the producing company. Quality is determined by the customer. Thus quality of a product or a service is the customer’s perception of the degree to which the product or service meets his or her expectations. Total Quality Management (TQM) is an approach to improving competitiveness, effectiveness, efficiency and flexibility of the organization in satisfying the customer demands. It is a process that recognizes the need to determine the customers' requirements and uses that knowledge to drive the entire organization to ensure those needs are fully met. It is essentially a way of planning, organizing and understanding each and every activity that takes place in the organization, and depends on every individual at his or her own level in the organization. Thus from Senior Executives to the person just cleaning the premises has to be involved in the quest for continual improvement towards the same goals, recognizing that each person and each activity interacts and has an effect on others. Why TQM? Companies strive for Total Quality Management in an effort to:  · Increase customer satisfaction  · Increase customer retention? TQM not only focuses on gaining a new customer but maintaining the current customers.  · Reduce customer complaints  · Attract new customers  · Increase organizational effectiveness  · Reduce costs due to less waste and rework? Quality costs and every time something is done incorrectly, money is lost.  · Increase profitability  · Achieve a greater market share  · Maintain a competitive advantage Dr. W. Edwards Deming’s Quality Chain Reaction in figure 1 provides a logical rationale for implementing a quality improvement effort. It says that if an organization improves quality, costs will decrease due to fewer errors and more efficient use of materials and time. This causes an improvement in productivity and le... Free Essays on Total Quality Management Introduction: 2 History of Quality Movement 2 The three elements of the Juran Trilogy: 3 1. Quality planning 3 2. Quality control 3 3. Quality improvement 3 Deming’s 14 points 3 1. Constancy of purpose 4 2. Adopt the philosophy 4 3. Don’t rely on mass inspection 4 4. Don’t award business on price 4 5. Constant improvement 4 6. Training 4 7. Leadership 4 8. Drive out fear 4 9. Break down barriers 4 10. Eliminate slogans and exhortations 4 11. Eliminate quotas 4 12. Pride of workmanship 4 13. Education and retraining 4 14. Plan of action 4 The seven diseases 4 Malcolm Baldrige Award 5 Reasons for creating the Baldrige Award 6 How the Baldrige Award Works and how it is judged 7 Two dimensions of criteria used for organization evaluation 7 ISO 9000 8 Brief Overview of ISO 3001 Requirements 8 ISO believes that organizations should: 9 ISO distinguishes between quality system requirements and product quality requirements. 9 ISO distinguishes between four types of products: 9 The quality of your product depends on: 9 Your customers are likely to place a higher value on your products if: 9 All work is a process. 9 An organization is a network of processes. 10 Product quality depends on how well this network works. 10 Quality Pays 10 What is TQM 10 What is a Total Quality Management System 10 TQM 11 The Key to Executive Commitment 12 Aligning Total Quality Management and the Corporate Culture 12 Understanding the Dynamics of Change 13 Meeting Customer Requirements 13 Benchmarking Concepts 13 Types of Benchmarking 13 Internal 13 Competitive 14 Functional/Generic Benchmarking 14 Why Use Benchmarking? 14 What to Benchmark? 14 Benchmarking- What It Is and What It Isn’t? 14 Benchmarking is: 14 Benchmarking Isn’t: 14 Conclusion: 15 References 17 Introduction: Management thinking is undergoing a paradigm shift. Mandates that are guiding managements thought since the 1990s is...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Definition and Examples of Language-Style Matching

Definition and Examples of Language-Style Matching In conversation, texting, emailing, and other forms of interactive communication, the tendency of participants to use a common vocabulary and similar sentence structures. The term linguistic style matching (also called language style matching or simply style matching) was introduced by Kate G. Niederhoffer and James W. Pennebaker in their article Linguistic Style Matching in Social Interaction (Language and Social Psychology, 2002). In a later article, Sharing Ones Story, Niederhoffer and Pennebaker note that people are inclined to match conversation partners in linguistic style, regardless of their intentions and reactions (The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 2011). Examples and Observations Robin: To an outsider listening to their conversation, very healthy families are less easy to understand than average ones. John: Less? Because? Robin: Their conversation is quicker, more complicated. They interrupt and finish each others sentences. There are big jumps from one idea to another idea as though bits of the argument are missed out. John: But its only outsiders that find it confusing? Robin: Exactly. The conversation isnt as tidy and logical and carefully structured as it can be with somewhat less healthy families, nearer the middle of the range. Ideas are coming so thick and fast that they keep interrupting and capping each others statements. They can do that because everyone grasps what other people are trying to say before theyve finished saying it. John: Because they understand each other so well. Robin: Right. So what looks like lack of control is actually a sign of their unusually good communication.(Robin Skynner and John Cleese, Life and How to Survive It. W.W. Norton, 1995) Linguistic Style Matching in Relationships Attraction is not all about good looks; a pleasant conversation is important too. To test the idea, [Eli] Finkel, [Paul] Eastwick, and their colleagues [at Northwestern University] looked at language-style matching, or how much individuals matched their conversation to that of their partner orally or in writing, and how it related to attraction. This verbal coordination is something we unconsciously do, at least a little bit, with anyone we speak to, but the researchers wondered if a high level of synchrony might offer clues about what types of people individuals would want to see again.In an initial study the researchers analyzed forty speed dates for language use. They found that the more similar the two daters language was, the more likely it was that they would want to meet up again. So far, so good. But might that language-style matching also help predict whether a date or two will progress to a committed relationship? To find out, the researchers analyzed instant messages from committed couples who chatted daily, and compared the level of language-style matching with relationship stability measures gathered using a standardized questionnaire. Three months later the researchers checked back to see if those couples were still together and had them fill out another questionnaire. The group found that language-style matching was also predictive of relationship stability. People in relationships with high levels of language-style matching were almost twice as likely to still be together when the researchers followed up with them three months later. Apparently conversation, or at least the ability to sync up and get on the same page, mattered. (Kayt Sukel, Dirty Minds: How Our Brains Influence Love, Sex, and Relationships. Free Press, 2012) Patterns of Linguistic Style Matching [P]eople also converge in the ways they talkthey tend to adopt the same levels of formality, emotionality, and cognitive complexity. In other words, people tend to use the same groups of function words at similar rates. Further, the more the two people are engaged with one another, the more closely their function words match.The matching of function words is called language style matching, or LSM. Analyses of conversations find that LSM occurs within the first fifteen to thirty seconds of any interaction and is generally beyond conscious awareness. . . .Style matching waxes and wanes over the course of a conversation. In most conversations, style matching usually starts out quite high and then gradually drops as the people continue to talk. The reason for this pattern is that at the beginning of the conversation its important to connect with the other person. . . . As the conversation rolls on, the speakers begin to get more comfortable and their attention starts to wander. There are times, however, that style matching will immediately increase. (James W. Pennnebaker, The Secret Life of Pronouns: What Our Words Say About Us. Bloomsbury Press, 2011) Linguistic Style Matching in Hostage Negotiations Taylor and Thomas (2008) reviewed 18 categories of linguistic style in four successful and five unsuccessful negotiations. They found that at the conversational level successful negotiations involved more coordination of linguistic styles between the hostage taker and negotiator, including problem-solving style, interpersonal thoughts, and expressions of emotion. When negotiators communicated in short, positive bursts and used low sentence complexity and concrete thinking, hostage takers would often match this style. . . . Overall, the driving factor that determined linguistic style-matching behavior depended on the dominant party in the negotiation: Successful cases were marked by the negotiator taking the dominant role, implementing a positive dialogue, and dictating the hostage takers response.(Russell E. Palarea, Michel G. Gelles, and Kirk L. Rowe, Crisis and Hostage Negotiation. Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications, 2nd ed., ed. by Carrie Kennedy and Eric A . Zillmer. Guilford Press, 2012) Historical Style Matching Recently the style matching among historical figures has been examined using archival records. One case involves the poetry of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning, a 19th century English couple who met and eventually married in the middle of their writing careers. By tracking their poetry, a sense of their oscillations in their relationship emerged.(James W. Pennnebaker, Frederica Facchin, and Davide Margola, What Our Words Say About Us: The Effects of Writing and Language. Close Relationships and Community Psychology: An International Perspective, ed. by Vittorio Cigoli and Marialuisa Gennari. FrancoAngeli, 2010) Linguistic Style Matching in Fiction People dont talk the same way unless they are joined together in some common purpose, have common lives, goals, desires. The great mistake of so many prose writers in their transcription of speech is to record its syntactical eccentricities and habits carelessly; e.g., theyll have an uneducated laborer speak the same way as an uneducated thug. Or, a cop will speak the same way as those he bullies and arrests. The mark of brilliance and honesty in speech transcription resides in the differentiation of language patterns.(Gilbert Sorrentino, Hubert Selby. Something Said: Essays by Gilbert Sorrentino. North Point, 1984)

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discourse analysis of three TVC's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discourse analysis of three TVC's - Essay Example Social Analysis: The targeted audience of the advertisement are women most preferably women who are guardians of elementary school children. The appeal of the advertisement is emotional appeal that is directed in a personal and social manner. This means that if mothers will buy the product then they will not have to be worried about the children being limit their choices of activities. They can be free to make their clothes messy if they are taking art classes or playing football because children learn outside more than at home. The evidence that has been provided through the advertisement is the intellectual growth among children as the kids design a model of a space shuttle. The advertisement has given out a value of allowing children to experience their own desires and dreams which can be done if parents allow them to take a chance instead of telling them to be fearful about the end results. The ad has been designed with kids in an external setting where the vision has been enhanc es by usage of sharp colors (AdsNTrailers n.d.). ... The advertisement tells the stories of children who are creative and considered as immature enough to have their own expressions. The advertisement has a clear impact on the social behavior telling members to be supportive with children. The ad promotes working class lifestyle as a hard working way of living (AdsNTrailers n.d.). Berkeley Heating and Air Conditioning Commercial Linguistic Analysis: The information given in the ad is in the form of news telling the customers to save money as they get new Berkeley heating and Air conditioning product. The symbols and word which have been used in the advertisement would be a dollar note that has been shown to drop from the conditioning devices. The relationship between the product and the buyers would be of working together as a unit and save money ( BerkeleyHeating 2011). Social Analysis: The targeted audiences of the advertisement are working class who are employed and are earning bread and butter for the family. The appeal of the adve rtisement is of price which means that the product must be bought for the lowered price. The evidence that has been shown in the advertisement for such an appeal is the dollar note falling from the device which shows that the savings are assured if consumer buys Berkeley cooling and heating devices. The value the advertisement promotes is the hard work through which working class goes to earn bread and butter. The ad has been designed in a way that it shows common people involved in a daily routine activity ad are provided with lowest rates ( BerkeleyHeating 2011). Cultural Analysis: The silent messages found in the advertisements include usage of cooling and heating devices in every home even in the bathrooms. This is the linkage to the lifestyle that this ad has presented to have

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Urban planning elements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Urban planning elements - Essay Example Zoning can be defined as the way in which land gets utilized in urban centers. The local governments try to use zoning in controlling buildings in the city. The market square comes as the heart of the city of Pittsburgh as almost all businesses converge there. The local government instigated a project aiming at reinstating the market square to the status it was at in the past. As a cultural centre, some of the old, dilapidated buildings in the square could not be demolished so that the cultural aspect can be maintained. The local government gave direction on what to be constructed and where to be constructed. The project of revitalizing the square involved a lot of interested groups in the downtown district. The local government collaborated with several private and public organizations to make the project sustainable to different groups. The square provides many exciting activities to the populace who subsist and visit the city of Pittsburgh. This expansion of the square, seeks to create a modern urban centre environment in the city. Urbanization was one of the key issues which were considered. The effects of urbanization made the market square look out dated and, therefore, the local authority decided to undertake this move of urbanizing the city through modernization of the square. The centre of the square was to be decongested to make the place accessible and spacious. The short term goals were reducing the parking space in the square and improving the lighting in the square. Cleaning and improving law enforcement were also among the short term goals.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Sensing and Control Essay Example for Free

Sensing and Control Essay There are hundred and millions of softwares that use sensing and control. Companies need to use sensing and control. Otherwise computers will not be able to communicate with each other and we will not be able to live without the sensing and control program because it is an every day use. Sensing and control is mainly used to start and stop things without a human being there. An example of this would be traffic lights. They work automatically using sensors. Cameras use sensors to record what is going on. Speed cameras use sensors because when cars go over a limit of speed it takes pictures. This is where sensors are used. We need sensors because it I part of our every day live. This affects the company very widely and efficiently. Having sensors keeps order and peace among the people that we live among. It help the decrease of road accident and safety for the passer bys. This software fit into this organization because this software is all about sensing and control it widely helps the company and makes their lives much easier. Imagine if there were no traffic lights what do you think the cause would be? There would be accidents; there will be patience with in the public. What would happen when cars get to a crossing and there are no traffic lights BANG you get a big collision? We all depend on a little software that helps keep order among the streets. 1. A control system typically comprises: 2. A computer or microprocessor 3. A control program which handles data from sensors and sends signals to output devices. 4. An interface box to convert signals between the sensors and processor Most systems can response very quickly and efficiently to the computer. Most system run 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. Most systems are controlled by the computer. This is very efficient. This also prevents humans from working in very dangerous places and use controlled computers to do the work. This is a fact that computers can process data Computers are now used to control many types of devices such as: Air conditioning and central heating systems are used in buildings and homes. Security systems used to prevent burglaries and own protection. Manufacturing processing. Traffic lights and pedestrians. Sensors Sensors are used to measure physical and quantities such as temperature, light, sound pressure and humidity. They send signals to the micro processor that controls this. For example: Some security alarm systems have inferred system within them. When something crosses this signal, the signal breaks and the alarm goes off. A heat sensitive sensor, which is mainly in the top corner of the room, can also sense presence of a person in a room. Temperature sensors are used to control the amount of heat in a room or a house. Magnetic sensors are loops in the tarmac to detect metal above them. This is also used to detect over head cars passing by. In some case there are many dams that haves computer controlled computers. The data from a water level sensor is continually sent to the processor. The computer has a controlled program which usually stores the required level of water. If the water level gets too high a valve is opened to let the water out and similarly if the water level is too low a valve is opened to let the water in. this controlled program stores the details of the water level and the action the computer must take.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Risk Taking Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our lives, it is important to exercise self-command. However, we should not be so concerned with the future that we stifle the present. The question becomes what balance should we strike between self-command and risks? What kinds of risks are acceptable or unacceptable? In this essay, we will use two examples of risks to show the distinction between the two and arrive at a conclusion as to the balance one should have between risk and self command. The first example we will use is of a person who spends his life savings on a lottery ticket and does not win the lottery. The second is of a person who spends his life savings on a hunch regarding a cure for AIDS, a hunch that is false. Before we make this distinction, however, it is necessary to define the terms acceptable and unacceptable risks. Acceptable and Unacceptable Risks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several ways in which one could define which risks are acceptable. One could say, for example, that the only acceptable risk is one for which the odds of success are greater than the odds of failure. Another definition of acceptable risk might be a risk that does not harm one's future. We might also say that the only acceptable risk is one where the aggregate happiness is increased, thus increasing the moral good of the risk, an idea which is based on John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism. Finally, we might define a morally good ris... Risk Taking Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our lives, it is important to exercise self-command. However, we should not be so concerned with the future that we stifle the present. The question becomes what balance should we strike between self-command and risks? What kinds of risks are acceptable or unacceptable? In this essay, we will use two examples of risks to show the distinction between the two and arrive at a conclusion as to the balance one should have between risk and self command. The first example we will use is of a person who spends his life savings on a lottery ticket and does not win the lottery. The second is of a person who spends his life savings on a hunch regarding a cure for AIDS, a hunch that is false. Before we make this distinction, however, it is necessary to define the terms acceptable and unacceptable risks. Acceptable and Unacceptable Risks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several ways in which one could define which risks are acceptable. One could say, for example, that the only acceptable risk is one for which the odds of success are greater than the odds of failure. Another definition of acceptable risk might be a risk that does not harm one's future. We might also say that the only acceptable risk is one where the aggregate happiness is increased, thus increasing the moral good of the risk, an idea which is based on John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism. Finally, we might define a morally good ris...

Monday, November 11, 2019

Prufrock in Progress

Prufrock in Progress In A Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot, the main character, J. Alfred Prufrock battles with his identification in the world. T. S. Eliot comprises this character with traits that any human being can relate to, like fear and desire, while ironically depicting the character as a monster. This dueling monster lives within Prufrock. His desire to be accepted is bogged down by his unworthy self-esteem because of his lack of human relationships. Prufrock is a relatable character at best, but his self-image ruins his potential of connecting with other people.Some scholars believe that Prufrock is yearning for a long lost lover throughout his love song, but most evidence shows that he is in confliction with himself. Sistani writes Internal Anxieties and Conflicts in The LOVE SONG of J. ALFRED PRUFROCK and states that Prufrock is searching for a female lover in his expression of A Love Song. Sistani believes that J. Alfred is experiencing internal conflict ab out a love source and the need of comfort through a relationship with another woman. This interpretation poses irony continuously established throughout the poem because Prufrock does not even love himself.Sistani explains this insecurity by analyzing, â€Å"The article concludes that the male character’s anxieties and conflicts are all the results of a past unsatisfactory mothering situation during his childhood,† (Sistani 478). This accusation is made from empty evidence that he desires a woman’s affection simply because he did not ever have it. This shows that J. Alfred Prufrock is in a habitual pattern of looking for love in all the wrong places. This interpretation by Sistani suggests that J. Alfred is speaking out in the desire for a loving partner.Sadly, Prufrock’s relationship with his mother was disappointing and unfulfilling, therefore; he longs for someone to fill this place. Unfortunately, his lack of love and acceptance for himself disables h im from relating and loving or even accepting others. Prufrock speaks of attending a party in which none of the women are good enough for him. He talks of their skirts hitting the floor and is infatuated by the women, but then ironically changes his viewpoint stating, And I have known the eyes already, known them all- The eyes that fix you in a ormulated phase, And when I am formulated, Sprawling on a pin, When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, Then how should I begin? (Gwynn 623). Prufrock is explaining how women prevent him from being his true self. How the presence of them makes him feel like an insect being pinned on the wall; examined and preserved for humans to review and criticize. He deems the question of how to begin the expression of self when all women seem to want is a fixed idea of what a man should be, and that is not what J.Alfred is. Sistani evaluates â€Å"As a dependent character with not good enough mothering, Prufrock, like a child, is always willing to att ach to an external loved object to achieve support and gratification. This need for attachment, to relate to the desired object is constant in Prufrock,† (Sistani 481). The poem in itself is a projection of how Prufrock views himself in comparison to how the reader or another person would view him. He projects only what he wants to be known, and leaves the rest as mystery.He purposefully reveals only what he is comfortable revealing, which will never lead to a sustainable relationship. Sistani concludes in her article, â€Å"Prufrock, with unresolved internal conflicts and anxieties still dreams of the women to attach to in order to fulfill the need for security and comfort,† (Sistani 481). This analysis believes that Prufrock himself feels he will not be able to fully express himself or be accepted without a female partner to lovingly accept him first. Unfortunately and ironically, the cycle persists because J.Alfred Prufrock does not ever have the epiphany that his en tire misery is derived from his lack of confidence and love for himself, not from a lack of an external object or person. On the other hand, Human Voices in Silent Seas: A Reading on Eliot’s Love Song by Videnov uses a psychoanalytic approach to interpret the poem sang by J. Alfred Prufrock. She expands on his internal conflict of worthiness. Throughout the poem, Prufrock battles with the public and private sides of himself, and whether his thoughts and feelings are worthy of expression.Videnov explains this contrast in character by stating, â€Å"Through jarring and easy transitions, Eliot contrasts the privacy of observation, insight, and dream with the social functioning of man, his appraisal by others, and his appraisal of himself as reflected in â€Å"the eyes† (55), thoughts, and words of others. † (Videnov, Valentin A. , 126). Videnov also analyzes the internal and external influences on J. Alfred Prufrock’s psyche. The internal conflict that J. Al fred Prufrock exhibits throughout his love song is evident in his lack of self-confidence that leads to a feeling of disconnection with the human population.On one hand, Prufrock expresses the desire to cultivate a relationship with the external world, or a lover; yet on the other hand, he lets his insecurities define him and refuses to let himself engage in relationships with other people. Videnov explains this by describing Prufrock’s quest, â€Å"a quest for belonging, the examination of which could yield the message of the poem and the ultimately optimistic idea of love, as the title suggests, lurking behind the apparently tragic finale,† (Videnov, Valentin A. , 126).This statement establishes the irony in the desire to fulfill a journey of love, yet the inevitable misery Prufrock lives. The psychoanalytical dynamic of the ego and the true self is brought through in Prufrock’s character. T. S. Eliot repeatedly uses the pronouns, â€Å"you and I,† to d escribe this relationship of the ego and true self that Prufrock experiences. In the interpretation of Human Voices in Silent Seas: A Reading on Eliot’s Love Song, Videnov declares that these two entities are both representative of J. Alfred Prufrock himself. â€Å"You† represents the public face of Alfred J.Prufrock, the ego; and â€Å"I† represents the true self, the self that wants to be expressed but is prevented by Prufrock’s fear and insecurity. The opposing characters within Prufrock are further extended through the symbols of afternoon and evening. The imagery of afternoon is a representation of the light, the desire to express, and the need for connection. The evening represents a darkness, or comfort in the habitual pattern of the introverted mind and it’s self-destructive thoughts. Prufrock expresses his mental state when he says, ‘the evening sleeps so peacefully. † (Gwynn 624) In saying this, Prufrock is confirming within h imself his comfort in the thought pattern of darkness. This leads him to question, â€Å"Would it have been worthwhile? † (Gwynn 625), referring to the desired human connection he wants deep down. He truly believes that expression of the self and what he, as an individual has to say and share, are not going to be accepted by others. Because of his fear of expression, the singer sings a song of love, but predominately and more ironically, a song of sadness. He has continued his pattern of introversion to such an extreme that he suffers from continual loneliness and disassociation.He proves this dissociation when he ends the poem with an insight of his fantasy world of mermaids where he retreats, when he is lonely. He looks upon the beautiful creatures in awe of their unifying world; yet won’t even allow himself to be happy in his fantasy. He states this saying, â€Å"I do not think that they will sing to me,† (Gwynn 625). This prevents him from dreaming himself t o a healthy and loving relationship with himself, or anyone else. The lines â€Å"let us go† (Gwynn 622) used repeatedly are incredibly significant in this poem. Us† being the internal representation of the two conflicting sides that exist within Prufrock, as he yearns for release of this horrible cycle. What J. Alfred Prufrock does not understand is that every individual goes through this experience of questioning self worth. The underlying ironic theme of this poem is the relation of the reader to Prufrock himself. This is a cry of the main character to emerge from the inner seclusion that he feels – a bonding of the afternoon and evening, the light and dark, inner and outer; a battle for the merging of duality to become a union.In â€Å"an overwhelming question† in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by Xue, the main question that J. Alfred Prufrock is consistently in conflict with is whether or not to reveal his true self. Prufrock’s dueling cha racter is established through the language of the poem. The internal conflict of Prufrock is addressed through repetitive language. â€Å"Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society, but fears rejection. † (Xue 79). This fear causes his misery. Prufrock’s character is dominated by his uncertainty.The repetition of the lines, â€Å"there will be time,† (Gwynn 622) pose irony in the poem. Prufrock is hopeful that he will be able to truly open up to the world in time, yet currently; he is perpetuating his cycle of loneliness by assuming that these desires will naturally unfold without regarded effort. Xue states this in saying, â€Å"The phrase ‘There will be time,’ repeated five times between lines 23 and 36, represents his hesitation and delay, in order to conceal his inner anxiety to the world,† (Xue 80).Essentially, Prufrock is only happy when he is alone with his thoughts because there are no external influences to judge him, yet this is also his cause of misery. Irony is also addressed in the â€Å"you and I† (Gwynn 621) characterization of Prufrock. Xue states the psychoanalytical interpretation of these pronouns, â€Å"In the poem, Prufrock is divided in two selves. One is persuading Prufrock to ask the ‘overwhelming question’, while the other is trying to prevent it,† (Xue 82). Prufrock’s soul really desires is the opposite of what it endures. At the root of his inability to express is his insecurity.Prufrock asks, â€Å"Do I dare Disturb the Universe? † (Gywnn 623) which is direct evidence that Prufrock has serious lack of self-confidence. J. Alfred directly articulates his anxiety about interaction by describing his unappealing physical attributes. He quivers in the thought, â€Å"With a bald spot in the middle of my hair- ‘They will say: ‘How his hair is growing thin! ’† (Gwynn 623). This state ment is directly in connection with Prufrock’s physical insecurity, as well as his emotional insecurity because of his self-image. He uses this as an excuse for his anti-social behavior.He manifests this negative expression of self by bolding stating that if he were to share with another he would, â€Å"Die with a dying fall,† (Gywnn 623). This self-conscious attitude and fear of being mocked for this truth is the entire reason for J. Alfred Prufrock’s cyclical misery. He does not love himself; therefore, he cannot find or receive or the love of another. If he never learns to share his truth, he will never understand the beauty of human connection. The reality of how much Prufrock shares about himself is shown in the line, â€Å"To prepare to meet the faces that you meet; to murder to create,† (Gwynn 622).The real self or â€Å"I†, as Videnov described in Human Voices in Silent Seas, is lost or â€Å"murdered† in society to â€Å"createâ₠¬  a false self or alter ego that functions in society. Another line stating this ego-oriented society and repeating the symbol of darkness reads, â€Å"the evening spread out against the sky,† (Gwynn 622) which refers to the apparent darkness of all humans all hidden under the masks of ego. Yet, if J. Alfred Prufrock understands this is a battle of every individual, he would be able to relate. In conclusion, it is J. Alfred Prufrock’s choice to live in misery.If he were open to see himself as a mirror image of others he would realize that every individual has insecurities of their own. Therefore, I agree with scholars Videnov and Xue in the psychoanalytical approach to J. Alfred Prufrock battling with his own ego versus the exploration and expression of his true self. If he deemed himself worthy of external expression then he would finally be able to share in love with himself and in turn, the rest of humanity. Works Cited Gwynn, R. S. Literature: A Pocket Anthology. 5th. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2012. 21-625. Print. Videnov, Valentin A. â€Å"Human Voices In Silent Seas: A Reading Of Eliot's Love Song. † Explicator 67. 2 (2009): 126-130. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. Sistani, Roohollah Reesi. â€Å"Internal Anxieties And Conflicts In â€Å"The LOVE SONG Of J. ALFRED PRUFROCK. † European Journal Of Social Science 17. 4 (2010): 478-489. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. Xue, Haiqin. â€Å"On â€Å"An Overwhelming Question'† In The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock. † Canadian Social Science 5. 2 (2009): 79-82. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2012.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Breastfeeding

Preparation Outline Lindsay Hamann Topic: Breastfeeding Specific Goal: I want the audience to understand how beneficial it can be for both the baby and the mother to breast feed, even if only for a little bit of time. Thesis: Breast milk is best for your baby. The benefits of breastfeeding extend way beyond basic nutrition. In addition to containing all of the vitamins and nutrients your baby needs in the first six months of life, breast milk is packed with disease-fighting substances that protect your baby from illness. Introduction I. Breastfeeding protects your baby from a long list of illnesses. A.Numerous studies have shown that stomach viruses, lower respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and meningitis occur less often in breastfed babies and are less severe when they do happen. Exclusive breastfeeding (meaning no solid food, formula, or water at all) for at least six months seems to offer the most protection. B. One study done by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences showed that children who are breastfed have a 20 percent lower risk of dying between the ages of 28 days and 1 year than children who weren't breastfed, with longer breastfeeding associated with lower risk. II.The main immune factor at work during breastfeeding is a substance called secretory immunoglobulin, that's present in large amounts in colostrum. (The first milk your body produces for your baby). The substance guards the baby against invading germs by forming a protective layer on the mucous membranes in your baby's intestines, nose, and throat. III. Your breast milk is specifically tailored to your baby. Your body responds to virus and bacteria that are in your body and makes secretory immunoglobulin that's specific to those pathogens, creating protection for your baby based on whatever you're exposed to.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sIV. Breastfeeding's protection against illness lasts beyond your baby's breastfeeding stage, too. Studies have shown that breast feeding can reduce a child's risk of developing certain childhood cancers. Although, scientists don't know exactly how breast milk reduces the risk, however, they think antibodies in breast milk give the baby's immune system a boost. Breastfeeding may also help children avoid a host of diseases that strike later in life, such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and inflammatory bowel disease.For babies who aren't breastfed, researchers have documented a link between lack of breastfeeding and later development of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Transition: There are many advantages to breastfed babies. Body I. Breastfeeding may boost your child's intelligence. A. Various researchers have found a connection between breastfeeding and cognitive development. In a study of more than 17,000 infants followed from birth to 6 1/2 years, researchers concluded from IQ scores and other intelligence tests that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding significantly improves cogni tive development. B.Preterm infants with extremely low birth weights who received breast milk shortly after birth improved their mental development scores at 18 months when compared with preterm infants who weren't given breast milk. 1. In a later study, researchers found that the higher scores held at 30 months, and that the babies who received breast milk were also less likely to be hospitalized again because of respiratory infections. C. Experts say that the emotional bonding that takes place during breastfeeding probably contributes to some of the brainpower benefits, but that the fatty acids in breast milk may play the biggest role.II. Breastfeeding may protect your child from obesity. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding as a way to help reduce your child's risk of becoming overweight or obese. A. An analysis of 17 studies published in the American Journal of Epidemiology shows that breastfeeding reduces a child's risk of becoming overweight as a teen or adult. The strongest effect was in children who were exclusively breastfed, and the longer the baby was breastfed the stronger the link. B. Experts think that breastfeeding may affect later weight gain for several reasons: 1.Breastfed babies are better at eating until their hunger is satisfied, leading to healthier eating patterns as they grow. 2. Breast milk contains less insulin than formula. (Insulin stimulates the creation of fat. ) 3. Breastfed babies have more leptin (a hormone that researchers believe plays a role in regulating appetite and fat) in their system. 4. Compared with breastfed babies, formula-fed infants gain weight more rapidly in the first weeks of life. This rapid weight gain is associated with later obesity.Transition: Hopefully you’re becoming aware of why breastfeeding is so important especially during the early stages of a childs life. III. Breastfeeding can reduce your stress level and your risk of postpartum depression. A. The National Institute o f Health reviewed more than 9,000 women and concluded that women who didn't breastfeed or stopped breastfeeding early on had a higher risk of postpartum depression. B. Many women feel relaxed while breastfeeding. That's because nursing triggers the release of the hormone oxytocin.Numerous studies in animals and humans have found that oxytocin promotes nurturing and relaxation. 1. One study found that women who had high amounts of oxytocin in their system had lower blood pressure after being asked to talk about a stressful personal problem. Transition: So, let’s reconsider the benefits of breastfeeding. Conclusion: I. Studies are finding new benefits of breastfeeding all the time. The May 2010 issue of Pediatrics, for example, published a study showing that babies who are breastfed are less likely to have fevers after their immunizations than babies who are formula fed.II. Breastfeeding is natural – but that doesn't necessarily mean it's easy. Don't hesitate to contact your healthcare provider or a certified lactation consultant if you need help or support. Bibliography www. womenshealth. gov/breastfeeding/Share[-;0] www. webmd. com/parenting/†¦ /breastfeeding-9/nursing-basics[-;1] [-;0] – http://www. womenshealth. gov/breastfeeding/Share [-;1] – http://www. webmd. com/parenting/†¦ /breastfeeding-9/nursing-basics

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Right-Brain-Dominant Learning Styles

Right-Brain-Dominant Learning Styles Are you the creative type? Do you get bored easily when teachers lecture for more than thirty minutes at a time? Do you feel like you can size up people easily by watching them? If so, you may be right-brain dominant. Characteristics of Right-Brain Students You take notes but lose them. You may have a hard time keeping track of your research.You might have a hard time making up your mind.You are good with people.You dont fall for practical jokes as easily as some.You seem dreamy, but youre really deep in thought.You like to write fiction, draw, or play music.You might be athletic.You like mystery stories.You take time to ponder and you think there are two sides to every story.You may lose track of time.You are spontaneous.You’re fun and witty.You may find it hard to follow verbal directions.You are unpredictable.You get lost.You are emotional.You dont like reading directions.You may listen to music while studying.You read lying down.You may be interested in â€Å"the unexplained.†You are philosophical and deep. Your Classes and Your Brain In history class, you enjoy the social aspects most. You like to explore the effects of events that happened in history. You also enjoy essays.You can do well in math class if you apply yourself, but you get bored by long, complex problems. Keep at it! Youll be great with math if you practice enough.Science? Boring at first. But once you start learning more, you become intrigued.You do well in English class, especially when it comes to reading literature and writing essays about books. You also do well in creative writing assignments.Strong grammar skills may come naturally to you. Advice for Right Brain Students Choose to do personal essays  when you have the option. Youre great when you use anecdotal stories!Watch your daydreaming- keep it under control and dont let it become a procrastination tool.Let your imagination work for you in the arts.Let your intuition work for you in social situations. Use that gut instinct to your advantage.Let your deep thinking work for you during essay tests- but don’t ponder too long. Make a quick outline, then start to fill in the topics.Be creative with essays. You can use colorful language well.Use images and charts when you study.  Write down directions to help you remember.Try to be more organized!Don’t be overly suspicious of others.  Make outlines to organize your thoughts.Choose fiction in reading assignments.  Try to avoid teachers who lecture a lot; choose teachers who use activities.You tell stories well, so write some!Put information into categories for better understanding.Avoid getting bogged down by thinking of all possib ilities when answering questions. Go with your first instinct on a multiple choice exam! Finish things! You have so much talent, but you don’t always complete things. You have great instincts and survival skills. If you study hard, you might be a finalist on Survivor one day!

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Spotlight on Appalachian Author Cynthia Rylant

Spotlight on Appalachian Author Cynthia Rylant Cynthia Rylant has written more than 60 childrens books since her first book was published in 1982. Her work has been honored with numerous awards, including a Newbery Medal. Rylant writes both picture books and novels for older readers. In a few cases, she has also illustrated her own books. Cynthia Rylants Early Years Cynthia Rylant was born in Virginia. After her parents divorced, Cynthia went to live with her grandparents in Cool Ridge, West Virginia, while her mother attended nursing school. When Cynthia was eight, she and her mother moved to Beaver, West Virginia. Although she went on to college and graduate school, ultimately earning a masters degree from Kent State University in Ohio, her early years had a great impact on her writing. The Appalachian Influence Cynthia Rylants first book, When I Was Young in the Mountains, is based on her life with her grandparents in the 1950s. The family lived simply, with no electricity or running water but enjoyed living in the country. The book was designated a Caldecott Honor Book for the quality of the artwork by Diane Goode that so effectively illustrated the text. The Relatives Came, illustrated by Stephen Gammell, was also a Caldecott Honor Book. It was published in 1985. Rylant went on to write other books that were set in Appalachia. Appalachia: The Voices of Sleeping Birds benefits from the fact that the illustrator, as well as the artist, grew up in Appalachia. Barry Moshers watercolors help to bring Rylants words to life. The book was published in 1991. In 1996, Silver Packages: An Appalachian Christmas Story was published. Most Popular Characters If you didnt immediately recognize Cynthia Rylants name, you will probably recognize some of the characters she has created. Four- to eight-year-olds love Poppleton, Henry and Mudge, and Mr. Putter and Tabby. Poppleton is a very large pig who has wonderful adventures in a series of books for beginning readers. Mr. Putter is an old man who adopts an old cat, Tabby. The most popular characters of all are Henry and Mudge. There are over 20 Henry and Mudge books. They are excellent for young readers in grades 1-3. Younger children enjoy them as read-aloud books. Henry is a little boy, who has no one to play with until he gets a dog. Mudge grows from a tiny puppy into a 180-pound loveable companion. While the books have illustrations like picture books, they are divided into several chapters, creating a nice transition for young readers ready for something more than picture books. Books for Children Ages 9 to 12 Cynthia Rylants books for children in grades 5-8 have also won acclaim. The topics tend to be more serious than many of her picture books. Rylant was honored with a Newbery Medal for Missing May, a story of love and coping with the death of a loved one. A Fine White Dust was also a Newbery Honor Book. Rylant now lives in the Pacific Northwest and her haunting novel The Islander is set on an island off of British Columbia.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

It's All in the Milieu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

It's All in the Milieu - Essay Example In most of these cases major changes are made to the text to render it into film in the first place, and then when a second film adaptation is made. The Lord of the Rings, for instance, left entire sequences of the film out, such as the adventure to Tom Bombadil, drastically changed the age of the characters (reducing Frodo’s age from 50 to 30), changed their motivations (having Faromir fall the same way Boromir did) and so on (Tolkein 1955). These changes are made for a number of reasons, including needing to cut down from a novel to a film, to create suspense, or so on. Rarely, however, a book can so readily be made into a film, that these changes are unneccsary. Such was the case with Psycho, its Alfred Hitchcock adaption, and the remake of that film Psycho (1968). While most elements of these three works were nearly identical they are perceived very differently: Alfred Hitchock’s Psycho is hailed as a masterpiece, while the 1998 remake has been widely panned. This d emonstrates that each story must exist in its time and its place, and something removed from its milieu will be entire unsuccessful. The plot of all three works is largely identical. In each case, a woman, Marion, steals a large sum of money, finds herself at a lonely hotel, and is then murdered by a mysterious character – ostensibly the proprietors mother (Bloch 1959, Hitchcock 1960, Van Sant 1998). When the woman’s family gets worried, they go looking for her, hiring a detective to discover what happened to her. This detective gets murdered by the same figure (Bloch 1959, Hitchcock 1960, Van Sant 1998), with the hotel proprietor still covering up his mother’s actions. The family then investigates for themselves, eventually finds the mother is in fact the son’s delusion, as his mother died in a murder-suicide years before, and that the proprietor, Bates, has been living in a codependent relationship with his dead mother ever since (Bloch 1959, Hitchcock 1960, Van Sant 1998). This novel did not have to be adapted significantly for the screen: the only major changes made were the methods of killing, with the decapitation of the novel usually being replaced by a stabbing off screen in the film versions, which presumably would add to the horror but reduce the gore, which can be much more impactful on screen, and would detract from the psychological nature of the story (Bloch 1959, Hitchcock 1960, Van Sant 1998). That the novel is close to the film versions is not surprising – close remakes can often be accomplished in the case of short novels and excellent film-makers, such as with Jurassic Park, (or, indeed, many other Michael Crichton novels). What is surprising, however, is that the two films were so similar – the 1998 film was virtually a shot-for-shot remake of the 1960 film. They both used the same screenplay by Joseph Stefano (IMDB 2012a), and thus were identical in terms of words, but Van Sant also mirrored almost every camera motion that Hitchcock made. The only differences came in a small number of shots: the opening shot of the Hitchcock film, for instance, was a long zoom that had many fades separating individual zoom sequences, while the Van Sant film was a single long zoom: this was changed because Hitchcock’s original desire was to have a single long shot, but this was not possible based on technology of the time, while in 1998 it had become possible

Thursday, October 31, 2019

President Obama and the Financial Reform Research Paper

President Obama and the Financial Reform - Research Paper Example It has also enacted the Volcker Rule based on the advice of Paul Volcker a former Federal Bank’s Chairman and headed Obama’s Economic Recovery Advisory Board. Although many are skeptical of the features and progress of the new Act, the law is understood to be more stringent on the unregulated trading and risk-taking by the financial corporations.   There have 3 major financial reforms in US history preceded by the recessionary phases and accounting scandals. First, the US economy faced the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression in 1929 as a result of which the Glass Steagall Act came into existence in 1933 which legislated the separation of commercial banks from investment banks. Senator Carter Glass was responsible for bringing the Act who believed that the commercial bank’s direct involvement with dealing in corporate securities was a threat to the financial system stability. Since then it has been the topic of research for many economists (Clark, p.205). Second, in 2002 the Sarbanes Oxley Act was signed in the wake of global corporate and accounting scandals such as Enron, WorldCom and Tyco International (Slander, p.1). The Act contains provisions of corporate governance and auditor’s independence and led to the creation of quasi-public agency Public Company Accounting Oversight Board which was responsible for regulating and overseeing the accounting firms as external auditors. Third, the most important reforms, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform & Consumer Protection Act has been enacted in 2010 by President Barack Obama and his administration. The law has led to the creation of two important oversight bodies- Financial Stability Oversight Council and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The new Act is considered by many to be based on the Glass Steagall Act. Global Financial Crisis 2007-2010 The Global financial crisis started with the bankruptcy of investment bank Bearn Stearns Inc in 2007 due to heavy exposure to mortgage-backed securities, central to the subprime mortgage crisis. The bank was sold to JP Morgan Chase. Then the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the fourth largest bank in America was followed, which unfolded the global financial crisis. All those financial institutions which had exposures to the collapsed bank’s short-term assets faced the liquidity crunch. The largest insurance firm AIG faced the liquidity crisis in 2008 because its credit ratings were downgraded.  Ã‚  

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

What factors prohibits youth from re-entering juvenile detention Research Paper

What factors prohibits youth from re-entering juvenile detention centers - Research Paper Example It has also been seen that 88% of the children re entering the community are either 15 years old or more. However such is not the situation in all the cases and many of the juveniles are successfully absorbed back in the society. The reasons behind the repetition of offenses by the juvenile delinquents have interested the clinical psychologists. A study of the factors that successfully help the juvenile delinquents keep away from the detention center is necessary for the development of the community and this may reduce the number of cases of juvenile delinquencies (Youth Reentry, n.d). Review of current research A number of studies have been conducted to explain the offenses done by a child. Understanding the reasons behind the actions of an offender can help the psychologist eliminate the reason. One of the significant features of juvenile delinquencies has been gang behavior. The juvenile offenders often belong to a gang and commit crimes in the same. According to Roberts and Sprin ger (2007, p 200) the members of a gang have a sense of belonging to the group with feelings such as ‘looking out for each other’ and ‘staying together’. The gang works like a family where the other members deal with any threat posed to a gang member. Sometimes the older members of the gang pass on the traditions of the same to the new members. For a child from a disturbed family, getting included in a gang becomes a natural option in order to fill up the void created by the absence of a properly functional family. It also helps to nurture self-esteem within a child who is suffering from low confidence. Under such a situation the authors have advised to work on the strengths of the child. Sometimes the counselor may need to work on the strengths of the family...Introduction The Juvenile Act of 1973 declared that the children who were not suitable to return to their family were to be kept in a detention center that was separated from the adult delinquents. T hese out of the home facilities are called the juvenile detention centers. The juvenile criminal offenders are often separated from the community when they are perceived to be a threat to the society by placing them in these juvenile detention centers. In this way the detention centers offer a protection to the community as well as the juvenile delinquents. In these detention centers the children are supervised and structured programs are offered to them in order to reduce the ill effects of their confinement. The programs usually consist of educational aspects, recreational aspects and other developmental aspects to develop the social skills of the child with a view to help him return to the community after the release (Juvenile Detention Facility, n.d.). For successful rehabilitation in the community of the youths after their return from the detention center a number of measures must be taken.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Seraikela Chhau And Purulia Chhau Drama Essay

Seraikela Chhau And Purulia Chhau Drama Essay India is a country with a rich range of various cultures and traditions. Each part of India has different ways to preserve those cultures traditions such as folk and classical dances. Folk and classical dances play a big role in the Indian culture as a way of communication. One of the dance-drama folk art that is performed in India is the Chhau dance-drama of Eastern India. There are three types of Chhau dance-dramas but this essay will focus on only two types: the Seraikela of Bihar and the Purulia of West Bengal. Both Chhau styles are masked dance-drama forms that are unique. To understand the significance of this folk art for the Indian community, it is important to first understand the elements and the origins of the Chhau. The Chhau is very significant to the Indian culture because it is both a religious and mythological practise that has been passed on thought many generations. Not only is the Chhau dance-drama used for festive celebrations but is also used as a way to communic ate moral message by the portrayal of stories from the Indian mythology. The portrayal of stories is where the theatrical aspect comes in the picture. The Chhau characters are mute so therefore, movements and masks are used instead of dialogues to show certain emotions and feelings to bring the story forwards. The study of the origins, history, costumes, music, staging, music and performers brings to the conclusion that indeed, the Chhau dance-drama is a folk art that is very significant to the Indian culture and the Indian people. 1) Introduction- Folk dances in India India is one of the very few countries in the world to possess a rich range of different cultures and traditions. Each and every region of India has a unique culture that has passed through many generations for centuries. What I find really interesting about India is that they have well preserved their cultures and that even today, they are still practising certain traditions compared to other countries that have lost their cultures by evolving into a more modernized civilisation. Cultures and tradition can be passed on through generations by many ways like paintings, written scripts, music, theatre and dance. Folk dances and folk theatre play a big role in the Indian culture as they are art forms that are a very efficient way of expression to the community. Folk dance is an art used to convey the local culture, legends, myths and religious beliefs of a specific region and as India has many different cultures, the folk dances vary from one region to another. Indian folk dances are th e products of a variation of socio-economic classes in India. They are usually performed by ordinary people rather than professional dancers in small towns or villages where people gather together to celebrate special occasions such as harvesting, marriages, religious holidays, festivals, birth of a child etc Since in India all those festivities are celebrated quite often if its not every day, folk dances have become an essential part for the Indian culture. Some folk dances which are performed in India also incorporate theatre in their dances. Those dance-drama forms are a rural extension of the ancient theatrical tradition found in the Nathya Shastra . The Nathya Shastra is known as the oldest surviving text on stagecraft in the world written by Bharata Muni between 200 AD and 200 BC. The Nathya Shastra covers stage-design, music, dance, and makeup which are important components for the folk dances in India and also for musicians as it is the only text that provides details about the music and instruments used in that period. One of the folk dance-drama forms that has survived past several centuries and that is still being performed today despite the movement of modernization is the Chhau of Eastern India. The word Chhau is believed by certain people to come from the Sanskrit root Chhaya meaning shadow and since masks forms an important feature of this dance, it is thence called Chhau, which means mask. Among other dance-drama traditio ns in India like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali and a few more, Chhau is a rare and unique colourful masked dance-drama form. There are three types of Chhau named after their geographical locations; the Seraikela of Bihar, the Purulia of West Bengal and the Mayurbhanj of Orissa (Figure 1). This Essay will focus on the elements and the origins of the dance-drama form of Seraikela Chhau and Purulia Chhau and to what extent they are significant to the Indian Culture as a folk art. Why did I choose this rare form of dance-drama among others? Simply because I thought that my temporary stay in India would be the perfect occasion to discover a totally new and unknown form of art for me that is directly related to the Indian culture. Since I am a theatre student, I think that exploring a rare form of art is an excellent way to broaden my knowledge of theatre through different cultures. I chose to write an in-depth essay about the Chhau dance-drama of Eastern India among many others also because I find the Chhau very interesting in the way it combines dance and theatre together to tell a specific story or mythology by using rhythms, movements and masks instead of dialogues like most of the theatrical forms use. Figure 1: The orange shaded area of this political map of India represents the Eastern part of India where the three types of Chhau dance-drama originated from. 2) The history and origins of Chhau: The origins of the Chhau dance-drama are still not certain as is the origin of the word Chhau. The dance is known as Seraikela Chhau in Jharkhand, Mayurbhanj Chhau in Orissa and Purulia Chhau in West Bengal. If we look at the basic differences between the three different styles of Chhau, the Chhau dancers of Purulia wear highly stylized masks, in Seraikela the masks are smaller, while in Mayurbhanj the dancers do not always use masks. The word Chhau is interpreted in different ways by different quarters and persons. Most of the people say that the word Chhau arises from the Sanskrit root Chhaya which means shadow and that the art originated in West Bengal. On the other hand, some people disagree and think that it had arisen from the word Chauni which means camp for soldiers and that it originated from the state of Orissa. The reason being the hypothesis that the word chhau derived from the word Chauni is that the Chhau originated in the mock fights of the Oriya paikas (warriors) who fought rhythmically to the accompaniment of indigenous music instrument . Chhau dance is then believed to have originated as a martial art that contains vigorous fight and acrobatic movements. Since the period of time the Chhau started to be performed, many of the main rulers of the region of Orissa worked for the development and conservation of the art. The Chhau is a dance-drama performed only by men. The Chhau dance-drama barely evolved and today follows the basic principles of the Natya Shastra text and has become closely connected to religion. For several centuries, the Chhau dances have been used in association with the religious festival Chaitra Parva also known as the Sun Festival which is celebrated every year starting from the Chaitra month of the Hindu calendar which is around March-April in the Gregorian calendar. During this time of the year, the different social and economical classes used to come together, from the royal family to the local farmers, to celebrate the C haitra Parva. India is a country where religion takes an important part among the lives of the people. The aim of the Chhau dancers is to worship different Gods and Goddesses like for example Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati for the goal of acting to call for their blessings to stay protected from evils. Besides being performed for religious purposes, the Chhau dance-dramas are also mythological as they are mainly based on the episodic epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The Hindu mythology consists of stories of Gods, Devas and Asuras. In Hinduism, Deva is the Sanskrit word for a God or a supernatural being, normally resident in one of the numerous heavens and reborn there as the result of good karma. The Asuras are a group of power-seeking deities who are sometimes referred to as demons or sinful souls and are opposed to the Devas. Basically, there is a confrontation between the good and the bad and this confrontation is portrayed by characters in the Chhau dance-drama. However, with pa ssing of time the dance-drama started being used for many other occasions and celebrations through the year in the different states. 3) Masks and Costumes: a. Masks: Characters from the Indian mythology such as Lord Shiva or Ganesh are mythological and therefore, superior to the human being. It was not easy playing such characters using only the human facial expressions and features and that is the reason why in the early periods, different shapes and symbols were used as facial painting or body painting by the dancers to emphasize the characteristics of the different mythological characters .The practise of covering the face and the body with painting gradually gave birth to masks and bright coloured costumes in the dance performances to personify the God and Goddesses of the Hindu mythology. The mask is made not to hide or to conceal, but to expose. As an instrument of metamorphoses, the mask permits man to lose his identity, and allows the gods to manifest themselves with an uncovered face. To mask oneself is to give life to a superior being Masks have been used for many centuries throughout the world for both ritual purposes and traditional theatres especially for the expressivity they add in a characters performance. Masks are often used in folk arts because they are a part of a costume that adorns the whole body and embodies a tradition important to the religious and/or social life of the community. Unfortunately, I was not able to watch an actual Chhau dance-drama performance but I got to experience I quite similar style of dance during my trip in the island of Bali in Indonesia. As the community from Bali follow the Hindu religion, they have mythological stories resembling the Indian ones. The performance Ive seen in Bali was a dance-drama style of performance as the characters were telling a story using dance, movements and gestures to act a story. The dance-drama constituted five acts telling a story using the good ones and the evil ones which is till now very similar to the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics. In the Balinese dance-drama, the characters were wearing masks as well but not all of them compared to the Chhau dancers of Purulia and Seraikela where it is compulsory for all the characters to wear masks. In the Balinese dance-drama, only the superior characters wore masks to express their power and their high status while the other characters were only covered with colourful full-face makeup. As a member of the audience, I can say that the masks helped a lot in creating an epic style of atmosphere on the stage and also in creating a connexion between the characters and the audience which is the reason why I think that masks are used by all the characters in the Chhau dance-drama. The performance that I have seen in Bali helped me a lot in understanding the purposes of the use of masks in the Chhau dance-drama as the Balinese dance is performed for religious and mythical purposes as well. Figure 2 shows an image of the characters in the Balinese dance taken during a performance while Fig ure 3 shows the characters of the Chhau dance-drama. The similarities in the masks used to portray superior beings can be noticed between both dance-drama forms. Even though both forms use masks, the masks are different in the way they are made and the way they look. Figure 2: Masks in the Balinese style of dance-drama. Figure 3: Masks in Chhau dance-drama of Eastern India The Chhau dance-drama enters in the category of poor theatre as all the materials, costumes, masks and accessories are made out of small expenses. . The Chhau masks are made with low priced ingredients such as river soil, newspapers, thin pieces of clothe, little bit of lime and paint. The facial masks are mostly manufactured by the artisans of the villages of the regions of West Bengal or Jharkhand as the Seraikella and the Purulia are the only styles of Chhau that uses masks as a compulsory part of their costumes in their performances. In Seraikela for example, the craft of mask making is an art that is handed down from father to son through many generations. The techniques and the fundamental nature of the Seraikela and Purulia Chhau dance-drama are based on the use of masks. Not only does it add beauty, color and life to the dance but it also evokes bhava (mood) and rasa (aesthetic sentiments) in the audience. Masks have a big role to play in the relationship between the performe r and the audience. In Chhau, every performer has specific masks according to their characters. The Gods and Goddesses usually wear small pieces of decorative glittering materials in the facial masks accompanied with feathers and jewels while the evils or demons like the characters Ravana or Mahishasura wear grotesque masks. The masks used in the Chhau dance-drama are also used to interpret expressions. As the Chhau dance-drama is a speechless form of performance, the expressions given by the masks becomes essential. As the use of masks eliminate any form of facial expressions, the Chhau dancers use head gestures and neck movements to express any sort of feelings or emotions. I think it is really interesting how the portrayal of a story can be done using only body language and masks instead of spoken language and facial expressions. From a theatrical point of view, it is not common and that is what forms the uniqueness of the Chhau dance-drama in the world. The figures 4, 5 and 6 be llow illustrates example of Chhau masks used for different characters. Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 b. Costumes: Like the masks, the costumes are made out of inexpensive local materials. The costumes that the Chhau performers used at the time the dance-drama started being performed are not known so therefore, we cannot tell if the costumes they are using today have evolved or stayed the same since the early years of the performances. Today, the costumes that are used in the Chhau performances are from various bright colors and designs as it is a performance that is supposed to evoke joy during festive periods. The costumes for the lower part of the body differ for the performers playing the Gods and the ones playing the demons. The artists that play the Gods (Devas) characters usually wear pajamas of light colors like green, yellow or red or a mixture of colors to make the characters look more attractive and alive; whereas those playing the role of the demons (Asuras) wear loose trousers of darker and deeper colors such as black. The costumes for the upper part of the body are made out of vario us designs and are as attractive and colourful as the costumes of the lower part of the body. For the performers that play characters such as animals or birds, suitable types of masks and costumes are used to portray the specific types of animals or birds. For example the character of Lord Shiva will be displayed by a tiger skin costume and his son Ganesh with a dhoti (Figure 7). The costumes also consist of many jewelleries and anything that look extravagant as those costumes are supposed to portray inexistent mythological characters. Figure 7: Dhoti Figure 8: Colourful costumes used in Chhau. 4 ) Music and staging: Staging: As the Chhau dance-drama is performed on festive occasions with a gathering together of a whole village community, there is no raised platform or dais being settled down for the performance. With the aim of keeping the traditionalism of the event, the Chhau dance-drama usually takes place in an open air ground where the spectators are divided into sections of women and men and sit in a circle surrounding the area where the Chhau is performed. The stage used for the Chhau performances is decorated in a colourful and joyful style to create a festive atmosphere among the villagers and is usually lit by torches or oil lamps that serve as lighting which once again are made to adhere to the traditionalism of the event. The staging of the Chhau is organized in a style that encourages people from any social or economical class to gather together and celebrate. The fact that the Chhau dance-drama remains a local and traditional event after so many years is fascinating to me as many other danc e or theatrical forms evolved to become more of an entertainment or money based purpose practise than a traditional one. It is very interesting how the Chhau is staged in a way to form a joyful atmosphere in a folk environment. Music: Like other ritual dances, the music accompaniment is a really important part for Chhau. The music style and the rhythm produced by the accompanying instruments are one of the key factors that characterize the uniqueness of the Chhau dance-drama. As the Chhau dancer is mute, the music and the lines sung by the orchestra are really important to introduce the performance. They create the right kind of mood and atmosphere for the scene to be enacted. The most important instrument accompanying the Chhau performances is the use of drum. The two main kinds of drums that are used in the Chhau performances are the Dhol ( Figure 9) and Dhamsa (Figure 10) which are played by local drummers of the area who also dance as they play. As for the tradition, the drummers themselves make the instruments and the tones used for the Chhau dance-drama based on the Hindustani Ragas wish is a Hindustani classical music concept. Ragas have a particular scale and specific melodic movements; their sound should bring delight and be pleasing to the ear. Reed pipes such as Shehnai (Figure 11) are also used by the orchestra along with the drums. The drum beats are important in the Chhau performances because they are used in the beginning of the dance-drama as an invocation to Lord Ganesha sung by a singer from the orchestra. As soon as the invocation to lord Ganesha is over, the drummers and musicians walk in to create an environment prior to the dance before the Lord Ganesha makes his entry followed by the other characters. Figure 9 : Dhol Figure 10: Dhamsa Figure 11: Shehnai 5) Performers and techniques: Even though the Chhau dance-drama is a folk form of dance, it also includes some elements from the classical form of dance of India like the navarasas. The navaras are basically nine emotions that are used in the Indian classical dances and dramas to make both the dancers/actors and the audience appreciate the meaning of the lyrics and the movements that are being portrayed by. The nine rasas goes as follows: hasya (happiness), krodha (anger), bhibasta (disgust), bhayanaka (fear), shoka (sorrow), veera (courage), karuna (compassion), adbhuta (wonder) and shanta (serenity). These nine emotions have been mentioned in Nathya Shastra and all dance and theatrical forms in India use these emotions extensively. As there are no spoken dialogues in most of the Indian dances including the Chhau, the navarasas are usually portrayed by using the eyes, the face, the muscles and the body shifts as a whole. In the case of Purulia and Sereikela Chhau, the movements of the eyes and the face are not possible as it is compulsory for all the characters to wear masks so the focus is on the body movements more than anything else to portray the nine different rasas. Since the Chhau dance-drama evolved from martial arts, the movements are very specific and important. The mask movements usually show anger while the shoulder and chest movements show joy, depression or courage depending on the way the dancer portrays it. The movements of the lower part of the body of the Chhau dancers are very quick and strong while the upper part of the body barely moves and the head rests in a slanted position. Jumping in the air is a movement that is often used in the Chhau performances because they serve as a gesture of at tack in war scenes between the good ones and the evil ones. The kind of jump seen in the Chhau performances is known as ulfa which is an indicator of the physical power and acrobatic skills of the performers. As we can see, the body language plays an essential role in the folk dance-drama Chhau. In relation to the theory of knowledge, Chhau is very interesting in the way that it uses body language as a way to communicate with people. 6) Interview with Chhau master Chandi Mahato: Chhau dance-drama is a very rare and not commonly known form of folk art. Published books and web sources are not enough to properly study this art form in depth and therefore, I thought that an interview with an actual Chhau dance master would be ideal and effective to pursuit my exploration on the topic. As I live in Bangalore, a city in the state of Karnataka in the south part of India, a face to face interview was not possible so I sort this problem out by having a telephonic interview with the Chhau master Chandi Mahato. Chandi Mahato is a middle aged Chhau master residing in the remote village named Baghmundi in the Purulia district of West Bengal. He comes from a long lineage of Chhau dancers and teachers and has trained a lot of modern Chhau dancers including his son Lalit Mahato. An otherwise almost illiterate person, Chandi Mahato has learned a lot from his experience with Chhau dancing and at 67 years old, Mahato has performed in all major cities in India several times. Ma hato is a farmer for most part of the year but he also engages himself in training theatre troupes in India working with the methods propounded by Jerzy Grotowsky. After asking Mahato nine questions about his experience with Chhau and the Chhau art in general, I felt more enlightened about the Chhau dance-drama form. The answers I got from Mahato are very interesting (See Appendix 1). Like most of the Chhau practitioners, Mahato learned Chaau from his father Gurupada Mahato who also learned it from his father and Mahato also taught it to his son Lalit Mahato which confirms that the Chhau is a tradition transmitted from father to son through many generations. Chhau is usually learned form a young age because when one grows older, the flexibility of the body becomes weaker. Mahatos training techniques are very specific and challenging because dancing and acting using acrobatics is certainly not easy. Chandi Mahato persisted on the fact that the specific training is essential for Chhau practitioners and that consequences such as injuries of the performer or misinterpretation of the character could follow after a bad training. Drama is incorporated in the Chhau by the acting of a story without the use of any spoken language but instead body language. Mahato says that he uses a lot of typical exaggerated actions, movements, and gaits accompanied by music and rhythms which are easily recognised by the audience to carry the story forward. The Chhau master Mahato agrees on the fact that Chhau dance-drama as a folk art is very important to their community and cultural identity. Most of the people from those villages are farmers living in poor conditions. Therefore, they stick to this art form to bring joy and colors to their daily routines and they also use it as a way to express their emotions either the positive or the negative ones in a creative way. Chhau is also very important to their community because it is used to convey eternal moral messages. They use mytholo gical stories to convey these moral messages for goal to educate people from those villages. Mahato is therefore stating that Chhau as a folk art is important to the Indian culture and is very significant as well. 7) Conclusion: After an in-depth study of the elements and origins of the Chhau dance-drama, it is therefore evident that this folk art is based on traditional and cultural elements. Chhau is an integral part of the culture heritage of India and its an indigenous dance form created with a typical Indian psyche which is deeply rooted in the scriptures that are followed by all major Indian dance and dramatic forms. The Chhau is an art that is not only used for festive purposes but also as a way of communication with the community to convey certain messages using mythological stories. The Chhau is mostly performed for an audience that is typically Indian including sons and daughters of Indian soil, brought up with typical Indian values. As explained in the film by Vikrant Kishore Dancing for themselves, the states where the Chhau originated from are states in where poverty is a big problem and that is one of the reasons the residents of those states are very attached to the Chhau and work hard on pres erving it. Lalit Mahato who is the son of the Chhau master Chandi Mahato features in the film Dancing for themselves and explains through the movie how important Chhau is for him and his culture. Lalit Mahato said Whatever it takes Ill teach my son Chhau Dance, no matter if Ive to just eat boiled rice; this quote shows the importance of Chhau as a cultural aspect for the lives of those villagers. The Chhau dancers do not practise this art only to entertain an audience but they also use it as a creative way to express their feelings and emotions. It is incredible how the different states of India Including the ones practising the Chhau dance-drama preserved their cultures intact. What we also have to take into consideration is the fact that those areas have not yet been touched by the fast movement of modernization. What would happen once modernization touch those areas? Will it affects their culture? Will they still perform the Chhau dance-drama as it is performed today and would it still be as significant for their culture? Those are questions that one should have in mind. I personally hope that those states dont lose their culture because I think that the Chhau dance-drama is a unique and fantastic form of folk art that should be preserved the way it is. 8) Bibliography: Interview: Mahato, Chandi Chhau dance-drama. Telephone interview translated by Tamojit Ray. 24 Feb. 2010. Published work: Devi., Ragini. Dance dialects of India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1990. Print. Gajrani, S. History, Religion and Culture of India. Vol. 4. Dehli: Isha, 2004. Print. Schechner, Richard. Between Theater and Anthropology. New York: University of Pennsylvania, 1985. Print. Video: Chhau Dance Performances : The Ramayana:Love and Valour in Indias Great Epic. Google Video. Web. 09 Dec 2009. Chhau dance promo. Youtube. Web. 05 Dec. 2009. . DANCING FOR THEMSELVES A film by Vikrant Kishore. Dir. Vikrant Kishore. Youtube. 16 May 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. . Web Sources: Chhau dance. Orissa Government Portal. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. . Chhau , Indian Folk Dance. Indianetzone. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. . Chhau. India.gov. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. Courtney, David. FOLK DANCES. Chandrakantha. Web. 09 Dec. 2009. . Courtney, David. Natya Shastra. Chandrakantha. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. . Folk Dances of India. Iloveindia. Web. 09 Dec. 2009. . Folk Dances of India. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. . Kamat, K.L. The Chhau dance. Kamat. 08 Sept. 2001. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. . Masks in Serikella Chhau Dance. Acharyaseraikellachhau. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. . Origin of Indian Folk Dances. Indianetzone. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. . Seraikella Chhau: An Introduction. Acharyaseraikellachhau. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. . Ponmelil, V.A. India Introduction to folk dances. Web. 09 Dec.2009. . West Bengal Chhau. Indialine. Web. 12 Dec. 2009. .